It was during this period that Gorky, along with Lunacharsky, Bogdanov and Vladimir Bazarov developed the idea of an Encyclopedia of Russian History as a socialist version of Diderot's Encyclopedia. Moura was his secretary who was hired in 1921. [35][36] He was actually quoting a popular saying, writing in Pravda on 23 May 1934, Gorky said: "There is already a sarcastic saying: Destroy homosexuality and fascism will disappear. He described the lives of people in the lowest strata and on the margins of society, revealing their hardships, humiliations, and brutalisation, but also their inward spark of humanity. Former Lecturer in Russian, University of Oxford. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. He served as an advocate for Soviet as well as the Union of Soviet Writers. After she died, he went to live with his grandparents but left home at fifteen, looking for work. It began Gorky’s celebrated “tramp period,” during which he described the social dregs of Russia. He, however, ran away from home at age 12 in 1880. Even in his lifetime he had been enormously celebrated in his native land. Gorky's most famous works were The Lower Depths (1902), Twenty-six Men and a Girl (1899), The Song of the Stormy Petrel (1901), My Childhood (1913–1914), Mother (1906), Summerfolk (1904) and Children of the Sun (1905). [citation needed]. For other writers, he urged that one obtained realism by extracting the basic idea from reality, but by adding the potential and desirable to it, one added romanticism with deep revolutionary potential. In America he started his classic novel, 'The Mother', about a Russian Christian woman and her imprisoned son, who both joined revolutionaries under the illusion that revolution follows Christ's messages.After the Russian revolution in 1917, Gorky criticized Lenin and communists for their "bloody experiments on the Russian people". He was decorated with the Order of Lenin and given a mansion (formerly belonging to the millionaire Pavel Ryabushinsky, which was for many years the Gorky Museum) in Moscow and a dacha in the suburbs. [citation needed], In 1916, Gorky said that the teachings of the ancient Jewish sage Hillel the Elder deeply influenced his life: "In my early youth I read...the words of...Hillel, if I remember rightly: 'If thou art not for thyself, who will be for thee? His health, which was poor throughout his life, deteriorated severely, and he died in 1936 from tuberculosis, although rumors about foul play persist to this day. His writings are known to be naturalistic. [18] Having dinner with Sukhanov later the same day, Gorky grimly predicated that revolution would end in "Asiatic savagery". [24] Gorky wrote that Lenin together with Trotsky "have become poisoned with the filthy venom of power", crushing the rights of the individual to achieve their revolutionary dreams. He was made the Chairman of the Soviet Writer's Union, and a figurehead of "socialist realism" . After the February Revolution, Gorky visited the headquarters of the Okhrana (secret police) on Kronversky Prospekt together with Nikolai Sukhanov and Vladimir Zenisinov. Even as a young man, he made many influential friends, including the two most famous writers of the day, Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov. In this novel and all his later works, Gorky identified himself as being a bitter enemy of capitalism and depicted the society of prerevolutionary Russia as drab and dreary. Speculation has long surrounded the circumstances of his death. From this point, the rise of Russian capitalism became one of Gorky’s main fictional interests. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). At one time, he attempted suicide because of his hard life. He exposed governmental control of the press (see Matvei Golovinski affair). These novels are long and slow-moving, and many readers find them dull and ponderous. Maxim Gorky - Maxim Gorky - Marxist activity: Between 1899 and 1906 Gorky lived mainly in St. Petersburg, where he became a Marxist, supporting the Social Democratic Party. At that time he was arrested for his public criticism of the Tsar and social injustices in Russia. Anton Chekhov and Vladimir Korolenko left the Academy in protest and solidarity with Gorky. He was also known to be the founder of the socialist realism doctrine. Maxim Gorky, also spelled Maksim Gorky, pseudonym of Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov, (born March 16 [March 28, New Style], 1868, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia—died June 14, 1936), Russian short-story writer and novelist who first attracted attention with his naturalistic and sympathetic stories of tramps and social outcasts and later wrote other stories, novels, and plays, including his famous The Lower Depths. These early stories featured tramps, vagabonds, derelicts, and social outcasts. 19th and 20th-century Russian and Soviet writer, His own pronunciation, according to his autobiography. He went to live in America and Europe upon his release writing The Mother in America. He often found strong elements of humanity and individual dignity in even the most brutalized and demoralized of these "down-and-outers." Sooner, he became friends with Leo Tolstoy and Chekhov whom he penned their memoirs. Also referred to as a poem in prose. When the boy was five his father died; Gorky returned to Nizhny Novgorod to live with his maternal grandparents, who brought him up after his mother remarried. In 1888 he worked in fisheries on the Caspian Sea. The General Secretary of the Communist Party Joseph Stalin was equally keen to entice Gorky back to the USSR. Author of. People will see it as Author Name with your public flash cards. He was arrested briefly in 1898, and in 1901 he was exiled to the provinces for having helped organize an underground press. From then on Gorky devoted himself mainly to literature, and in the next 5 years his stories appeared chiefly in newspapers along the Volga. They are disrespectful of human rights, freedom of speech and all other civil liberties". Maksim Gorky is a pseudonym of Aleksei Maksimovich Peshkov, who was born into a poor Russian family in Nizhnii Novgorod on Volga river. His political activism resulted in cancellation of his membership in the Russian Academy. Pogrebinsky was Gorky's guest in Sorrento for four weeks in 1930. [22], During World War I, his apartment in Petrograd was turned into a Bolshevik staff room, and his politics remained close to the Bolsheviks throughout the revolutionary period of 1917. Copyright 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. It is the story of a well-intentioned but weak man who feels disgust, boredom, and guilt as the inheritor of a profitable family business. New York: Boni and Gaer. Updates? March 28, Source: Turner, Lily; Strever, Mark (1946). – М: Детская литература, 1970. Maxim Gorky initially married Moura Budberg as his unofficial wife. ISBN 0–275–96605–4 (alk. Gorky befriended many revolutionaries and became a personal friend of Vladimir Lenin after they met in 1902. He was released from the prison after a European-wide campaign, which was supported by Marie Curie, Auguste Rodin and Anatole France, amongst others. He expressed sympathy and self-identification with the strength and determination of the individual hobo or criminal, characters previously described more objectively. He could not keep his promise because the sentence of death was announced and carried out with unexpected haste, before Gorky had got round to doing anything. Soon Gorky received a handwritten warning letter from Lenin. "[37][38], By the summer of 1934, Gorky was increasingly in conflict with the Soviet authorities. Title. In almost every large settlement of the states of the former USSR, there was or is Gorky Street. Maxim Gorky whose real name was Aleksei Maximovich Peshkov, was born on March 16, 1868, in the Volga River city of Nizhny Novgorod, which in 1932 was renamed Gorky in his honor. Gorky wrote with sympathy about the simple folks, the outcasts, the gypsies, the hobos and dreamers in the context of social decay in the Russian Empire. While briefly imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress during the abortive 1905 Russian Revolution, Gorky wrote the play Children of the Sun, nominally set during an 1862 cholera epidemic, but universally understood to relate to present-day events. He was arrested again but released at Tolstoy’s intervention. [9], From 1900 to 1905, Gorky's writings became more optimistic. [21] Gorky admitted to feeling attracted to Bolshevism, but admitted to concerns about a creed that made the entire working class "sweet and reasonable - I had never known people who were really like this". His memoirs of these two men, written many years later, are among his finest works. Almost completely self-educated, at the age of 16 Gorky tried without success to enter the University of Kazan. Communism and literature—Soviet Union. Among them: Monument at Gorky Institute of World Literature. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. His major works mostly are praised by Chekhov and even became very successful in Europe and the United States in 1902. [12] It is not clear whether he ever formally joined, and his relations with Lenin and the Bolsheviks would always be rocky. PG3465.Z9P699 1999 After having a difficult childhood, he roamed across the Russian empire, frequently changing jobs for about fifteen years before he became a successful writer. He published his collection of writings, Sketches, and Stories in 1898. He adopted the pseudonym Maxim Gorky of which Gorky means bitter. He also wrote to the Soviet vice-premier, Alexei Rykov asking him to tell Leon Trotsky that any death sentences carried out on the defendants would be "premeditated and foul murder. He publicly opposed the Tsarist regime, and for a time closely associated himself with Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov's Bolshevik wing of the party. "[29] He was denied permission by Italy's fascist government to return to Capri, but was permitted to settle in Sorrento, where he lived from 1922 to 1932, with an extended household that included Moura Budberg, his ex-wife Andreyeva, her lover, Pyotr Kryuchkov, who acted as Gorky's secretary for the remainder of his life, Gorky's son Max Peshkov, Max's wife, Timosha, and their two young daughters. Gorky himself treated his autobiographical writings as literary rather than purely factual works, and even the correspondence sometimes reveals contradictory information. (It would not be re-published in Russia until after the collapse of the Soviet Union.) His brutal yet romantic portraits of Russian life and his sympathetic depictions of the working class had an inspirational effect on the oppressed people of his native land. He was later imprisoned during the Rusian Revolution in 1905. At age 19 he survived a suicide attempt, because the bullet missed his heart. Some of them can be found below. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The best study of Gorky's works and of his place in Russian literature is Irwin Weil, Gorky: His Literary Development and Influence on Soviet Intellectual Life (1966). Gorky's most famous works were The Lower Depths (1902), Twenty-six Men and a Girl, The Song of the Stormy Petrel, The Mother, Summerfolk and Children of the Sun. After that Gorky traveled on foot for 5 years all over Central Russia, worked as a sailor on a Volga steamboat, then a salesperson, a railway worker, a salt miller, and a lawyer's clerk. Gorky the tramp, the rebel, is as much a legend as the strong, individual characters presented in his stories. Gorky left Russia in September 1921, for Berlin. He fled to Finland, visited the United States in 1906, and settled on the Italian island of Capri, where he met Vladimir Ilich Lenin and other Russian luminaries, who flocked to him as on a pilgrimage. Oppressed by the misery of his surroundings, he attempted suicide by shooting himself. Among the many rumors was that it was a Trotskyite plot. He, however, chose that name probably because of his experience in life. He organized homes for writers and artists, founded publishing houses and theaters, and used his influence with the new Soviet regime to encourage the development of the arts.
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